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Yellow sulphur

Yellow sulphur

Sulfur (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur (Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.

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Sulfur, 16S
Sulfur
Alternative name Sulphur (pre-1992 British spelling)
Allotropes see Allotropes of sulfur
Appearance Lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Standard atomic weight Ar°(S)
Sulfur in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
O
↑
S
↓
Se
phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine
Atomic number (Z) 16
Group group 16 (chalcogens)
Period period 3
Block   p-block
Electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STP solid
Melting point alpha (α-S8): 388.36 K ​(115.21 °C, ​239.38 °F)
Boiling point 717.8 K ​(444.6 °C, ​832.3 °F)
Density (near r.t.) alpha (α-S8): 2.07 g/cm3
beta (β-S8): 1.96 g/cm3
gamma (γ-S8): 1.92 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.) 1.819 g/cm3
Critical point 1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion beta (β-S8): 1.727 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization beta (β-S8): 45 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 22.75 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure

P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Oxidation states common: −2, +2, +4, +6
−1,[3] 0, +1,[3] +3,[3] +5[3]
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.58
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 999.6 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2252 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3357 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radius 105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius 180 pm

Spectral lines of sulfur
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure alpha (α-S8): ​orthorhombic (oF128)
Lattice constants
Orthorhombic crystal structure for alpha (α-S8): sulfur

a = 1.0460 nm
b = 1.2861 nm
c = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C)[4]
Crystal structure beta (β-S8): ​monoclinic (mP48)
Lattice constants
Monoclinic crystal structure for beta (β-S8): sulfur

a = 1.0923 nm
b = 1.0851 nm
c = 1.0787 nm
β = 95.905° (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivity 0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous)
Electrical resistivity 2×1015  Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[5]
Molar magnetic susceptibility alpha (α-S8): −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[6]
Bulk modulus 7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness 2.0
CAS Number 7704-34-9
History
Discovery before 2000 BCE[7]
Recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of sulfur
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
32S 94.8% stable
33S 0.760% stable
34S 4.37% stable
35S trace 87.37 d β− 35Cl
36S 0.02% stable
34S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.
 Category: Sulfur

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